Understanding a Serious Cause of Rapid Vision Loss
Wet macular degeneration is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. These fragile vessels leak fluid or blood, leading to rapid damage to central sight. While less common than dry AMD, it is far more aggressive and requires urgent medical care.
The macula plays a critical role in everyday activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. Damage in this region results in central vision loss, leaving peripheral (side) vision mostly unaffected. Without early detection and treatment, the loss can become permanent.
What Is Wet AMD and How Does It Develop?
To understand what is wet AMD, it helps to first recognize that AMD exists in two primary forms: dry and wet. Dry AMD is the earlier and more common stage, where the macula gradually thins over time. In some individuals, it progresses into the wet form.
In wet AMD, the body attempts to create new blood vessels to supply the retina. However, these vessels grow abnormally and break easily, causing internal leakage. The result is macula swelling, scarring, and rapid macular damage.
This progression can occur suddenly, sometimes within days or weeks, which is why immediate evaluation is critical.
Symptoms of Wet Macular Degeneration
Recognizing the early wet AMD symptoms can protect long-term vision. Symptoms typically include:
- Blurry or distorted central vision: Straight lines may appear bent, wavy, or irregular (a condition called macular distortion)
- Sudden vision changes: Rapid onset blurring or dark spots in the center of sight
- Difficulty reading or recognizing faces: Fine visual tasks become unusually challenging
- A dark or empty spot in the center of vision: May indicate fluid or bleeding beneath the macula
- Colors appearing faded or washed out: Patients may notice muted colors, particularly blues and yellows.
People often notice these changes first when looking at an Amsler grid or when covering one eye at a time.
What Causes Wet Macular Degeneration?
Although the exact cause is multifactorial, several risk elements contribute to disease progression:
- Aging, particularly after age 60
- Family history and genetic predisposition
- Smoking
- High blood pressure or cardiovascular disease
- Obesity and chronic inflammation
- Long-term exposure to UV light
Early detection offers the best chance of preserving vision.
Treatment Options for Wet Macular Degeneration
The goal of wet macular degeneration treatment is to stop leakage, stabilize vision, and prevent macula swelling, and further macular damage. Treatment is personalized based on disease stage and response.
- Anti-VEGF Injections: Medications such as Eylea HD and Vabysmo block the protein responsible for abnormal blood vessel growth. These injections reduce swelling and often improve vision over time.
- OCT-Guided Monitoring: Advanced imaging helps track fluid and swelling inside the retina, allowing treatment adjustments with precision.
- Laser Photocoagulation (in select cases): Seals leaking blood vessels when appropriate.
- Lifestyle and Nutritional Support: AREDS2 vitamins and smoking cessation may help slow progression.
With consistent treatment and monitoring, many patients maintain or regain functional sight.
When to See a Retina Specialist
Seek care immediately if you notice:
- Sudden blurring or dimming of central vision
- Straight lines that appear wavy or distorted
- A dark spot or blind area in the center of sight
- Rapid or unexplained visual changes
A retina specialist can perform detailed imaging to diagnose the condition and begin treatment promptly.
Protecting Your Vision Moving Forward
Wet macular degeneration is a serious condition, but advancements in retinal imaging and anti-VEGF therapies have dramatically improved patient outcomes. Early detection and consistent treatment remain the key to preserving sight and maintaining independence.
Prioritize regular retinal exams, especially if you have a family history of AMD or existing macular disease. The sooner treatment begins, the better the chance of protecting central vision.